Case Study: Patient with Heart Burn

Case Study: Patient with Heart Burn The patient is a 45 year old male with a history of eight weeks complaint of heart burn that worsens with lying down after dinner. The patient states that the pain lasts thirty minutes to two hours, and that it wakes him at night. Patient reports taking Maalox and Rolaids up to five times daily, however these only help for a short time. Medical History No Known Allergies Hypertension for two years Rheumatoid arthritis in hands and feet for one year Social History Patient is married with three children. Patient drinks two beers daily for the past twenty years and smokes one pack per day for twenty years. Current medications Prednisone 20 mg orally daily Diltiazem 240 mg orally daily Piroxicam 30 mg orally daily Multi- vitamin one orally daily Physical examination T. = 99 RR=18 Pulse =77 BP = 127/76 Weight 242 Height 59† ENT EOMI, PERRLA, mild sputum Cardiac – normal S1 and S2 Chest slight dyspnea Abdomen – soft, with mild pain (4 on 1-10 scale, with 10 being worst) to upper quadrant below sternum. Genitourinary deferred Rectal- deferred Extremities arthritic changes to hands Skin normal Neuro AAO times 3, normal DTR Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition in which stomach content leaks backward from the stomach into the esophagus. The symptoms are heartburn, nausea, and regurgitation; this causes an inflammation of the esophagus and possibly the larynx. Complications can be esophageal ulcers, Barrett esophagitis, chronic cough, and can lead to infection and inflammation of the lungs. Diagnosis is typically made by symptoms, endoscopy, and esophageal acid tests (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). GERD is caused by a break down in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. There are three main types of treatment that physicians consider when treating reflux disease. The treatment will depend on the severity of the symptoms (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). With any patient suffering from GERD, there are lifestyle changes and dietary changes that are effective in management of the disease (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Lifestyle changes that the patient can do are as follows: Stop smoking if tobacco products are used (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011) Taking antacids (of aluminum hydroxide content) (PubMed, 2012) Avoid food consumption within 2 hours of going to bed (PubMed, 2012) Avoid caffeinated beverages, chocolate, nicotine, alcohol, and peppermint (PubMed). Monitor intake of spicy and acidic foods (PubMed, 2012) Limit the amount of high fatty foods in the diet (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011) Eat 5 to 6 small meals during the day, instead of 3 large meals (PubMed, 2012) Monitor weight, as obesity increases the symptoms of GERD (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011) Elevate the head of the bed using a 6 to 8 inch block or a wedge under the mattress to enhance acid clearance when reclining (PubMed, 2012) Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly to enhance digestion (PubMed, 2012) *Avoid restrictive clothing, lifting heavy objects, straining, working in a bent position, and stooping (PubMed, 2012). * Chewing gum, this increases saliva production and natural acid reduction (PubMed, 2012). The symptoms may be controlled with the medications; however, the medical issue never goes away. Lifestyle changes are helpful in the overall treatment and control (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Diagnosis Diagnosis and treatment consist of a physical examination and history, esophageal motility testing, esophageal acid test, endoscopy (esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy or EGD), and possible biopsy to diagnosis Barrett’s (Ananal, 2012). The esophageal acid test is considered the â€Å"gold standard† for diagnosis (PubMed). Current medications and interactions related to GERD Calcium channel blockers are classifications of medications used to treat hypertension. These drugs can weaken the lower esophageal sphincter, which can cause GERD (Hughes, Lockart, Joyce, 2007) Corticosteroids in increased amounts have been associated with indigestion, heartburn, stomach pain and cramping, vomiting and diarrhea (Ananal, 2012). NSAIDs such as Piroxicam may cause abdominal cramping or severe pain, severe continuous heart burn and nausea. In combination with corticosteroids there is a higher risk of abdominal pain and the risk of stomach bleeding (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Treatment Treatment can include elevation of the upper body when sleeping, diet changes, and avoid certain foods, eating smaller more frequent meals, and stop smoking and alcohol use (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Medical treatment will include antacids taken one hour after meals; Tums and Rolaids are not recommended for regular use due to being a calcium carbonate. Histamine antagonist, such as Zantac, should be taken 30 minutes before bedtime to prevent nocturnal acid breakthrough. Proton pump inhibitors, such as Prilosec, should be taken, one hour before the morning meal. Foam barriers such as Gaviscon, work as a barrier to stomach acids and may be taken as needed for symptom relief, three times daily (Ananal, 2012). Antacids and alginic acid (Gaviscon) are the drugs of choice for quick relief of symptoms. These agents act primarily by rapidly increasing the ph of the gastric refluxate. Alginic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate in saliva to form sodium alginates. The sodium alginate floats on the top of the gastric contents where it acts as a mechanical barrier, minimizing exposure of the esophagus to refluxate. H2 receptor blockers act by inhibiting histamine stimulation of the gastric parietal cells, thereby suppressing gastric acid secretion. They are most effective in suppressing nocturnal acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) strongly inhibit gastric acid secretion. They act by irreversibly inhibiting the H+ K+ adenosine Triphosphatase pump of the parietal cell. By blocking the final common pathway of gastric acid suppression compared with H2 receptor blockers. When prescribed appropriately to patients with severe symptoms or refractory disease, the PPIs are more cost effective bec ause of their high healing and remission rate and the consequent prevention of complications (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Prescriptions #1 DATE__6/12/2014_____ Patient name________ (M/F) AGE__45____ Address____________ Weight__242____ Prilosec 40 mg tablet # 30 Take one tablet by mouth every morning before the morning meal for acid reflux control Refill__1__ signature______________ Generic sub __Yes__ DEA#__________ #2 DATE__6/12/2014_____ Patient name________ (M/F) AGE__45____ Address____________ Weight__242____ Zantac 75 mg tablet # 30 Take one tablet by mouth every night 1 hour before bedtime for acid reflux control Refill__1__ signature______________ Generic sub __Yes__ DEA#__________ #3 DATE__6/12/2014_____ Patient name________ (M/F) AGE__45____ Address____________ Weight__242____ Gaviscon 1 chewable tablet as needed for heartburn relief # 1 bottle Take one tablet by mouth three times daily as needed for relief of breakthrough heartburn Refill__1__ signature______________ Generic sub __Yes__ DEA#__________ References Ananal, B. (2012). Peptic ulcer disease. Retrieved from Medscape.com: http://www.medscape.com/article/181753 Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans:The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Hughes, J., Lockart, J., Joyce, A. (2007). Do calcium antagonists contribute to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and concomitant noncardiac chest pain? The British Pharmacological Society Journal. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02851.x PubMed. (2012). Lifestyle changes as a treatment of gastroesophgeal reflux disease:A survey of general practitioners. Retrieved from Pubmed.com: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article/PMC1661628 PubMed. (n.d.). Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Retrieved from PubMed health: http://www.nebi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH6001311 Identification of Didanosine | Results Identification of Didanosine | Results DISCUSSION The procured sample of didanosine was tested for its identification. The drug sample showed compliance with the data given in B.P. and Clarkes which reflects its quality and purity. Quality and purity of sample was also confirmed by the manufacturer. The lipids such as soyalecithin and cholesterol and all other excipients provided by the supplier confirmed by their identification test official in USP 24, IP and EP. All the excipients showed results in compliance with standard specifications. STANDARD CALIBRATION CURVE OF DIDANOSINE From the scanning of drug in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer was concluded that the drug had ÃŽ »max of 249 nm. From the standard calibration curve of drug, it was concluded that drug obeys Beer-Lamberts law in concentration range of 0-20mcg/mL. R2 = 0.9995 Correlation coefficient values indicated the linear correlation between concentration and absorbance. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPOSOMES Among the various methods thin film hydration method is widely used on a laboratory scale. In this method the lipids are casted as stacks of film from their organic solution using flash rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and then the film is dispersed in an aqueous medium. This method yields the liposomes with a heterogeneous size distribution. Also the liposomes that are formed are multilamellar in nature with some unilamellar vesicles. (Vyas and Khar, 2002). Venkataram et al., 1990 have used PC to prepare liposomes in a drug to lipid ratio of 1: 10. The temperature during preparation has been kept 40à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C as the glass transition temperature of PC is very low. The drug entrapment into the liposomes depends mainly on Drug: Lipid ratio. In this study, the cholesterol and PC are selected as lipids in combination on basis of percent drug entrapped and rigidity (stability). S.Vemuri et al are stated that, cholesterol improves the fluidity of the bilayer membrane, reduces the permeability of water soluble molecules throught the membrane, and improve the stability of bilayer membrane in the presence of biological fluids such as blood/plasma. The hydration characteristic of lipid film was studied for different batches of liposomes and then liposomes were evaluated for % drug entrapment. From results of % drug entrapped of different batches of liposomes that were prepared and stability of liposomes under different temperature condition it was observed that as the percentage of cholesterol was increased there was subsequent increase in the stability and rigidity of liposomes but at the same time percentage drug entrapment reduced, Due to reduction in phosphatydilcholine. Formulation F4 containing 70% of PC and 30% cholesterol showed maximum drug entrapment (29.41%) with satisfactory stability and rigidity i.e. showed spherical shape with only 1.86% of drug leaching at 25 after 30 days. However, when PC was further increased to 80% keeping cholesterol to 20% there was increase in % drug entrapment but simultaneous decrease in stability and rigidity. The shape was lost and drug leaching was more i.e.10.25%. The data was also treated statistically by using one way analysis (ANOVA) and found to be satisfactory significant difference (P PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DIDANOSINE PROLIPOSOMES The proliposomes of Didanosine were prepared by powder thin film hydration (New, 1990). Here modified rotary evaporator unit was used as described by Lee et al., 1999. Different carriers like lactose, sodium chloride and lactose beads were used for preparation of proliposomes. Were hydrated with distilled water and the liposomes was analysed for % drug entrapped for different batches of proliposomes derived liposomes were as shown in the table 5.3. The Lipid: Carrier ratio was kept 1: 10 as reported by Song et al., 2002. The proliposomes of lactose were quite free flowing compared to the lactose that was used to prepare them and lactose proliposomes showed highest % drug entrapment (29.17). They were less sticky. Also as the amount of lipid i.e. lecithin was increased the proliposomes powder was found to be very sticky. This is because the lipid is sticky at room temperature. In case of sodium chloride the carrier was very free flowing but the proliposomes powder was very sticky compared to that made with either lactose or sorbitol. The particle size of the liposomes formed in sodium chloride and lactose beads was also greater than that formed with lactose. Here the carrier is non porous so majority of the lipid has to be deposited over the on the surface of the carrier, thereby maximizing the possibility of agglomeration and also because sodium chloride is hygroscopic. So it can be said that such nonporous carriers are suitable only for high melting lipids. The results are in accordance with those observed by Payne et al. As the amount of lipid was increased in case of sodium chloride the proliposomes were found to be extremely sticky because they tend to agglomerate (Payne et al., 1986a). The entrapment of the proliposomes made by using sodium chloride as a carrier was very low compared to that of either lactose or lactose beads because of the effect of the monovalent cation Na+. Sodium ion has the effect of increasing the release of cyclosporine from the liposome hence it decreases the entrapment of drug in the liposomes (Al-Angary et al., 1995). The proliposomes of lactose beads were found to be very free flowing just like the lactose beads from which the proliposomes were prepared but the surface area available for coating less compared to lactose powder and sodium chloride so film formed is thick so it yields multilammelar liposomes. Based on the above results the carrier was finalized. In subsequent experiments Lactose was used as a carrier and the formulation was optimized by a 32 factorial design. The effect of the two independent variables viz. Drug: Lipid ratio and Lipid: Carrier ratio was studied on dependant variables like entrapment and mean particle size. All other processing factors like vacuum applied, speed of rotation of round bottom flask; temperature, amount of surfactant etc were kept constant. OPTIMIZATION OF PROLIPOSOMES A prior knowledge and understanding of the process and the process variables under investigation are necessary for achieving a more realistic model. Based on the results of the preliminary experiments, drug: lipid ratio was found to be a major variable in determining PDE and Lipid: carrier ratio in determining the PMD. Hence, these variables were selected to find the optimized condition for higher PDE and PMD using 32 factorial design. By using 32 factorial designs, 9 batches of didanosine liposomes were prepared varying the two independent variables at three levels as recorded in the table. The prepared batches were evaluated for % drug entrapment (PDE) and mean particle size, which were taken as dependent variables and the results were recorded in the table A substantial high drug entrapment was achieved in liposomes of variable X1 (drug: Lipid = 1:15) and X2 (Lipid: Carrier = 1:15). EVALUATION STUDIES OF DIDANOSINE PROLIPOSOMES A) Microscopy of proliposome The microscopy of proliposomes revealed that the surface was smooth due to the coating of the lipid and some of the particles were agglomerated. The pictures of proliposomes are as shown in Figure. After hydration with deionized water a series of time-lapse photographs of proliposome hydration are as shown below in Figure. Here the formation of liposomes form proliposomes is shown. The results indicate that the process of dissolution/disintegration may occur by a progressive hydration of the lipid surface of the proliposome, taking the form of liposomes ‘budding off’ from the central core of the proliposome until both hydration of the lipid and dissolution of the carrier is complete. Although only an imitation of the process of proliposome hydration (due to absence of hand shaking to aid proliposome dispersion), this approach was thought to offer a reasonable indication of the process (Payne et al., 1986b). Finally the liposomes are formed that are multilamellar with a heterogeneous size distribution. The photographs reveal the multilamellar nature (Figure). Also the Maltice crosses shown in Figure indicate that the vesicles are multilamellar in nature. Also there are many unilamellar vesicles. B) Scanning electron micrographs. The scanning electron micrographs of carriers and optimized batch of proliposomes made with different carriers were taken and are as shown in the Figure. From the SEM pictures it is evident that after coating the surface becomes somewhat smooth and the surface defects are no more visible and a thick coating is also seen in proliposomes compared to the carrier alone. After coating of lipid on the surface the particles looks quite opaque and smooth compared to the carrier. EVALUATION STUDIES OF PROLIPOSOME DERIVED LIPOSOMES A) % Drug entrapped By using 32 factorial designs, 9 batches of didanosine liposomes were prepared varying the two independent variables. Various methods have been reported for determination of drug content in liposomes that involve separation of free drug from liposomes either by centrifugation or by dialysis or by sephadex column. Here the separation was affected by sephadex G25 column as reported by Guo et al., 2001. Here the PDE was calculated from the difference between the initial drug added and the drug detected after separation of the free drug. The results of various batches are as shown in the table. It was found that the % drug entrapped was highest when the Drug: Lipid ratio was highest. Also the Lipid: Carrier ratio was found to affect the entrapment of the drug into the liposomes. It was found that the highest % entrapment for all three levels of X2 was obtained at +1 level of X1 that is 21.37% at –1 level, 26.73% at 0 level and 30.89% at +1 level of X2. Graphical presentation figure shows the effect of the independent variable (drug: lipid ratio) on % drug entrapped. The results indicate that as the drug to lipid ratio increases the entrapment of the drug in the liposomes increases, as didanosine is a hydrophilic drug, which finds place within the core. B) Particle size analysis Particle size analysis results of various batches of proliposome derived liposomes are as shown in the table. The results are expressed as particle mean diameter. The particle size of the liposomes decreases as the amount of the carrier increases because there is a greater surface area available for thin lipid film formation which gives rise to a small particle size compared to a thick film that is formed when the amount of carrier is decreased (Hwang et al., 1997). The graph (figure) represents the relationship between lipid: carrier ratio on mean particle size. Mean particle size decreases as the lipid: carrier ratio increases because as the surface area increases thin film formation occurs that gives rise to smaller particle size. C) Stability Studies The optimized formulation was subjected to stability studies at 40C, 250C, 450C for 60 days. They were evaluated for physical appearance, entrapment efficiency, drug content etc. All the results obtained are within the limits and no major changes were identified physically.

Killings by Andre Dubus Essay

â€Å"Killings† by Andre Dubus is a short story about a father who seeks out vengeance for the murder of his twenty-one year old son only to learn that revenge will only make things worse. The father, Matt Fowler, is haunted by the tragedy that has befallen his youngest son. Retribution is a common human desire because people feel that it offers the truest form of justice; however, this action is against the law of the land and is thought of as reckless to pursue. The author uses foreshadowing, imagery, and dialogue to illustrate a tone of prudence when thinking of taking vengeance into one’s own hand. In the story the literary element of foreshadowing is used. The desire to get even is an emotion that is felt by all people and is not biased as to who feels it. That desire is displayed at the beginning of the story. This is shown when the author writes, â€Å"Matt’s older son, Steve, turned to him as the family left the grave and walked between their friends, and said: ‘I should kill him’† (1203). This ominous statement shows how the feeling of revenge causes the character to not think of the consequences when pursuing vengeance for what is thought of as true justice. The writer further establishes how the feeling of retribution clouds cautious thinking through foreshadowing when he writes, â€Å"‘I’ve got a . 38 I’ve had for years, I take it to the store now†¦She knows I started carrying it after the first time she saw him in town. She knows it’s in case I see him and there’s some kind of situation. ’† (1204). This indicates that not only is revenge to be sought out but also the means by which Matt Fowler plans to exact his vengeance without any thought of consequence. The author’s use of imagery creates a picture of how the father’s vengeance for his son’s murder takes place when Matt waits on the murderer to get off of work so that he can take the killer and his car back to the killer’s house. The author describes the scene with vivid detail when he writes, â€Å"†¦he stopped and aimed over the hood at Strout’s blue shirt ten feet away†¦They drove across the empty front lot and onto the road. Willis’s headlights shining into the car; then back through the town, the sea wall left hiding the beach, though far out Matt could see the ocean; he uncocked the revolver: on the right were the places, most with their neon signs off, that did so much business in summer†¦the street itself empty of traffic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1209). The description of the abduction of the killer creates a mental picture to the reader of how the father planned to obtain the murderer and exact his revenge. The use of magery is also evident when the author describes the preparations taken for getting even when the author writes, â€Å"Beyond the marsh they drove through woods, Matt thinking now of the hole he and Willis dug last Sunday afternoon†¦as they dug into the soft earth on the knoll they had chosen because elms and maples sheltered it† (1210). The prose writer not only creates a picture of how the father obtains the murder to exact retaliation but also where the killer would be disposed of. The author uses imagery to show that the character had plenty of opportunities to have second thoughts of seeking vengeance but used no caution and thought only of revenge. The author’s use of dialogue enhances the tone of caution when thinking of taking vengeance outside of the legal system. This is apparent in the father’s reply to the murderer when the author writes, â€Å"‘You’re not going to jail’† (1212). Matt Fowler’s response to the killer not going to jail through dialogue shows that he has no intentions of letting the justice system handle Strout’s punishment. The author further reinforces the tone through dialogue when he show’s the father’s distaste with the legal system. This is illustrated when the scribe writes, â€Å"‘I’ll do twenty years, Mr. Fowler; at least. I’ll be forty-six years old. ’ ‘That’s nine years younger than I am,’ Matt said†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1214). The father’s response gives the reader insight to Matt’s thoughts of true justice and how no caution was used when pursuing this course of action. In conclusion, the author uses foreshadowing, imagery, and dialogue to set a tone of caution when thinking about taking vengeance outside of the legal system. This desire for reprisal is all too common, especially to those who have been victimized, to feel that if one wrong is committed that another wrong will cancel it out. Revenge is ill advised by most as people who say two wrongs don’t make a right and the memories will never fade. The story, â€Å"Killings† by Andre Dubus, illustrates how a father seeks out revenge for the murder of his twenty-one year old son and takes matters into his own hands only to discover that revenge only makes matters in his life worse.

Essay about Truman Capotes In Cold Blood Comparison of...

In Cold Blood is a tragic story of two men, Eugene Hickock and Perry Edward, who murder an entire family in search of money and then find themselves running from the law. While writing the book, Truman Capote used only facts to create a novel out of an actual event. He had thousands of notes on the subject, but his problem was making his book read like a novel. He accomplished this by adding dialogue and describing characters feelings. This technique is used in the film as well when flashbacks of characters childhoods are shown. The different plots are handled very well in the movie. The main plot obviously is the murders and the run from the law. Other subplots that are shown are Smiths internal fight with his past†¦show more content†¦This is reason that these two resort to crime to solve their problems. The film was very well structured in comparison to the book. Capote purposely didnt tell the detailed version of the deaths until the end of the book, and the same procedure was followed in the movie. This technique is used to keep the viewer or reader interested throughout the entire story. The first part of the movie moved a little slowly, but I think this was necessary to show all the background information about the Cutter family and to show how the two murderers developed their plan. Once the night of the murders arrived, the plot moved very quickly and there was lots of suspense to keep the viewer interested. At the end of the film, after the hanging of the two murderers , I did not feel that justice had prevailed. After an entire family has been murdered, there is no justice because the people are already dead and there is nothing that can be done to change that. Even though Smith says that he apologizes for what he has done, it is meaningless because it doesnt change anything. One reason the film seems like it was a real event is how the producers recreate the setting of the late 1950s in America. Everything is correct from the social lives of people to the music that was popular in that era. The US is in a period of transition, and this is shown by the way people react to the crime. After this crime,Show MoreRelatedTruman Capotes In Cold Blood1591 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature attempts to shape or reflect society, and oftentimes literature reveals truths and provides insight into the condition of that society. The American Dream is a dominant theme in American literature, and in Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood, the idealistic dream is critically evaluated. In this paper, I will explain the context of the work, and then I will compare and contrast Dick any Perry (the murderers) with the Clutter family (the murdered) in relation to the theme of the fragility of

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1551 Words

America is characterized as the place of freedom with its iconic red, white, and blue flag which also symbolizes braveness. What makes this land so iconic and great isn t its status but it s exceptionally distinctive people. Americans aren t a specific type of people, but a mixture of people from all over the world that live in harmony. That is the reason why Americans are so unique and so hard to be defined. Being developed by great American novels such as the The Great Gatsby, The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, and The Catcher in the Rye, there is now a universal definition for all Americans. An American is someone who persistently seeks completion of an objective. Americans are portrayed as persistent individuals who strive†¦show more content†¦Ever since they were separated years ago, he still preserved his love for her, hoping that they can reunite once again. He portrays his love for Daisy when he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes(Fitzgerald 112). This quote also shows the level of persistence he has obtained because all the lavish things around him meant nothing to him if they couldn t help him get back Daisy. He further develops this view towards his belongings and surroundings because, he stared around at his possessions in a dazed way, as though in her actual and astounding presence none of it was any longer real. (Fitzgerald 112). Gatsby shows characteristics of an American by persistently never giving up on his love of Daisy and doing (or buying) anything it takes to get her attention because his main objective after all is to re-gain her love in him as he l oves her so they can live happily ever after. In John Steinbeck s famous novel, The Grapes of Wrath the story follows a family s harsh struggles through the infamous Great Depression. Throughout the book, the Joads family show their American traits by persistently trying to find work for a better life no matter the obstacles that greet them. The level of persistence is shown when they travel west to California for work. As they travel, grandpa suddenly dies as He lay still and his breath was stopped. (Steinbeck 137). The men sat there, all huddled up

Reflections Of Oral Communications Class And Plans For...

Reflections of Oral Communications Class and Plans for Continued Progress This was my first online class at Brenau and I was nervous about how things would go. Despite the fact that it was online and only five weeks, I enjoyed speech class and I feel like I learned a great deal a short time. I will share with you my insights on how I improved; my plan for applying my knowledge in the future and some skills I feel like I gained from taking the course. As I reflect on the class and how I improved I think first to how nervous I felt about having to speak on camera. In my previous job I had to speak in front of people. It was a routine part of my job and I am comfortable with it. Sometimes it is hard to think about being judge and when one is standing in front of a crowd, the anxiety can sink in. Speaking in front of a computer screen is different and for me, much more uncomfortable. Perhaps in person it is easier to read the audience and give the speaker non-verbal control how he or she will present. For instance; if I am speaking to a group in person I can connect through eye contact and better sense if I need to take another direction to liven things up a bit. One of my strengths is an ability to connect with people, but I do not think that comes through nearly as much as in person. This class prepared me to speak in an unfamiliar medium and will now be less anxious if I have to so a talk or presentation via Skype or other electronic means. The constructiveShow MoreRelatedInclusion And Send From School Wide Activity5014 Words   |  21 PagesSEND, schools, teachers and local authorities are motivated to provide effective SEN provision and support for all the children who fall under this umbrella. SEND provision is essential in ensuring that all children have the same opportunities for progress and achievement despite their personal needs. It is here that SEND and inclusion therefore go hand in hand. Schools must be aware that, without this equality, ‘pupils can move from demoralisation to disruptive behaviour and truancy’ because theyRead MoreEssay on Wk7Assgn7NixL2830 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Reflection Lisa Nix Walden University Dr. Amy Summer, Instructor EDUC - 6709G - 1: Literacy Development in an Academically Diverse Classroom June 22, 2014 Reflection Creating and implementing effective lessons for a literacy learner who is struggling with reading and writing takes much effort and appropriate resources. Throughout the Literacy Development course, I have gained much insight and resources that have become valuable tools in addressing students’ literacy needs. Each week, IRead MoreTopic: Evaluation of Listening and Speaking Skills Activities of English Textbook Grade 5(P.T.B).4711 Words   |  19 Pagesactivities of English textbook grade 5(P.T.B). Chapter I Introduction Communication is a necessity for survival. It is an innate human desire that man wants to the other people around establish commonness by sharing, information, exchanging message, signals, ideas, signs or behavior. Language is believed to the primary element of most human communication throughout human civilization the basic mode communication is by spoken means. For which different languages are generated. Language itselfRead MoreHow to Prepare and Present a Case Analysis5797 Words   |  24 Pagesconcepts. 2. Identify the steps in preparing a comprehensive written case analysis. 3. Describe how to give an effective oral case analysis presentation. 4. Discuss special tips for doing case analysis. Oral Presentation— Step 1 Introduction (2 minutes) Oral Presentation— Step 2 Mission/Vision (4 minutes) Oral Presentation— Step 3 Internal Assessment (8 minutes) Oral Presentation— Step 4 External Assessment (8 minutes) â€Å"Notable Quotes† Two heads are better than one. —UnknownRead MoreUnit 009 Understanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning4591 Words   |  19 Pages Learner signature: _________________________ Date: Feedback: Continue on a separate sheet if necessary, see overleaf Tutor/Assessor/Marker and IQA’s signatures (IQA if sampled) must appear on the following page. | Feedback: (Continued from previous page) | Marker/Tutor/Assessor name: _____________________Grade______ Date __________ Resubmission date (if referred): ____________________Grade ______ Date __________ IQA’s name (if sampled) _________________________ Read MoreThe Values Of The Christian Tradition9036 Words   |  37 Pagesstudents to seek fulfillment in their personal, social, and religious lives. We provide the tools for developing integrity, leadership skills, and the desire to search for truth and knowledge throughout life. We promote critical thinking, effective communication, appreciation of cultural diversity, and we encourage the rejection of bigotry and intolerance. At Bethel, we seek to promote in all members of the university community a constructive participation in social change and a commitment to serviceRead MoreEarly Years Education10897 Words   |  44 Pagesactivity which provides opportunities for teaching and learning. A well-structured environment gives a child a stimulating start to life. It provides the ability to enable children explore, experiment, plan and make decisions for themselves, thus enabling them to learn, develop and make good progress. Children should be giving the opportunities to engage in activities. Children learn mainly through play. They are unable to make a distinction between play and work. Children need, and should beRead MoreEarly Years Education10882 Words   |  44 Pagesactivity which provides opportunities for teaching and learning. A well-structured environment gives a child a stimulating start to life. It provides the ability to enable children explore, experiment, plan and make decisions for themselves, thus enabling them to learn, develop and make good progress. Children should be giving the opportunities to engage in activities. Children learn mainly through play. They are unable to make a distinction between play and work. Children need, and shouldRead MoreCurrent Issues and Trends in Assessment in Early Childhood Education6428 Words   |  26 Pagesmonitor adequate yearly progress (Moscosco, 2001; Wortham, 2002). Former President Bush was also committed to strengthening early childhood programs. In 2002, several projects were conducted to support early childhood programs. Under the Sunshine Schools program, the U.S. Department of Education focused on what is working in early childhood education and gave attention to highly effective state, district, city, county, and campus programs (Grissom, personal communication, April 4, 2002). AnotherRead MoreEssay on Business: Management and Assessment Task10008 Words   |  41 Pagesedu.au Mob: 0401 098 448 Case Study: Business plan (excerpt) Conference concept Submission details The Assessment Task is due on the date specified by your assessor. Submit this document with any required evidence attached. See specifications below for details. Performance objective Candidates will need to conduct individual research of available materials and local resources, show initiative and problem-solving skills to outline the plan for a conference. Assessment description For

Brief of Methodology Techniques Free Essays

All research methodology is made up of a combination of qualitative and quantitative constructs. The idea of the qualitative quantitative research continuum, as opposed to a dichotomy, is explored on scientific grounds. What are known as qualitative methods are often beginning points, foundational strategies, which often are followed by quantitative methodologies. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief of Methodology Techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now Qualitative Research. The qualitative, naturalistic approach is used while observing and interpreting reality with the aim of developing a theory that will explicate what was experienced. In their Handbook of Qualitative Research, Denzin and Lincoln (1994) acknowledge that â€Å"Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials–case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactions, and visual texts –the described routine and problematic moments and meanings in individuals’ lives†. (p. 2) Qualitative data are defined by Patton ( 1990) as â€Å"detailed descriptions of situations, events, people, interactions, observed behaviors, direct quotations from people about their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts and excerpts or entire passages from documents, correspondence, records, and case histories† (p. 22 ). Techniques of qualitative research are Interviews, Observation, Case study, and Action research. Interviews Qualitative interviews have been responsive to the potentially invasive impact of researchers on the research process as the researcher is the primary research instrument. Observation Observation as a design feature is to attain depth of meaning from the data (i. e. , what seems salient in the setting). The researcher focuses in detail on the most pertinent factors in an ethnographic study. Case study The case-study method is one more design approach under the qualitative rubric. Case studies can be single-subject designs or based on a single program, unit, or school. Merriam (1988) describes that case-study research, begins with translating the research question into more specific and researchable problems, followed by techniques and examples of how to collect, organize, and report case-study data. Action Research Action research is used here to refer to ways of exploring professional experience which link practice and the analysis of practice into a single productive and constantly developing sequence, and which link researchers and research participants into a single community of involved colleagues. Winter (1996) explains that â€Å"action research is seen as a way of investigating professional experience which links practice and the analysis of practice into a single, continuously developing sequence† (p. 13). Quantitative approach The quantitative approach is used while one begins with a theory (or hypothesis) and tests for confirmation or disconfirmation of that hypothesis. Quantitative research is often referred to as hypothesis-testing research (Kerlinger, 1964). Typical of this custom is the following common pattern of research operations in investigating, for instance, the effects of a treatment or an intervention. Techniques of quantitative research are Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaires, Sampling, and Triangulation. Surveys Data are collected, typically either by interview or by questionnaire, on a group of variables. The objective then is to observe patterns of relationship between the variables. Unlike experimental research, the researcher does not intercede in the organization and observe the effects of the intervention. Information is collected on a number of variables, and the amount to which they are causally linked has to be inferred. Interviews Quantitative researchers pretest their instruments to reassure the quality of their data. They ransack other researchers’ scales and theories to inform their theoretical understanding of the fundamental factors that may be present. They do long interviews and focus groups to try to get into the points of view of those living through the situations they are analyzing. Questionnaires These are collections of questions that the respondent completes on his or her own. Sampling The sample of subjects is drawn to replicate the population. After the pretest measures are taken, the treatment conducted, and posttest measures taken, a statistical analysis divulges findings about the treatment’s effects. To support repeatability of the findings, one experiment typically is conducted and statistical techniques are used to establish the probability of the same differences occurring over and over again. Triangulation Triangulation might be looked at as a dependability check–but not always. It is possible that one source of data could be much more significant than other sources in understanding a particular phenomenon. Generally, though, the more sources one looks at the more expected one is to have a complete perception of the phenomenon. Sampling Techniques: Random or Probability Non-random or Non-probability Random or Probability techniques are Simple random sampling, Systematic random sampling, and Stratified random sampling. Simple random sampling In simple random sampling, all subject within the sampling frame has an equal chance of being selected. This equal chance is consummate through a total randomness of selection. Systematic random sampling In systematic sampling, instead of drawing sample subjects randomly from the sampling frame, systematic sampling draws subjects at different intervals along the list of subjects in the sampling frame. Stratified random sampling An approach that increases the probability of obtaining a representative sample yet avoids missing an significant subgroup is to draw a stratified sample. With stratified sampling, the sampling frame is first separated into subgroups based on a variable that is considered important. Non-random or Non-probability is Cluster sampling, Quota sampling, Purposive sampling. Cluster sampling In cluster sampling, instead of individual subjects, logically occurring clusters, or groups, of subjects are used as the essential units of sampling. Purposive sampling With purposive sampling (also known as judgmental sampling), subjects are selected based on the researcher’s knowledge of the population and on the nature of the research. The researcher uses subjects as the sample who are judged as â€Å"typical† or â€Å"representative† of the population of interest. Quota sampling This type of non probability sampling is quota sampling. Quota sampling contains features of both stratified sampling and purposive sampling. In quota sampling, variables that are indomitable to be significant to the research question are identified. These variables are usually demographic variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and urban versus rural residency. Conclusion The qualitative-quantitative research methodology is supported scientifically by its self-correcting feedback loops. In each and every research study, the continuum operates. When one conceptualizes research this way and uses the integral feedback mechanism, positive things happen that are less probable to occur in a strictly qualitative or a strictly quantitative study. Work Cited Merriam S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Stake R. E. (1981). â€Å"Case study methodology: An epistemological advocacy†. In W. W. Welch (Ed. ), Case study methodology in educational evaluation: Proceedings of the 1981 Minnesota Evaluation Conference (pp. 31-40). Minneapolis: Minnesota Research and Evaluation Center. Denzin N. K. , Lincoln Y. S. (Eds. ). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Patton M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed. ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Kerlinger F. (1964). Foundations of behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston. Winter, R. (1996). Some principles and procedures for the conduct of action research. In Zuber-Skerritt, O. (Ed. ) Action research for change and development. Aldershot: Gower-Avebury. How to cite Brief of Methodology Techniques, Papers

Leading Change Toward Sustainability †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Leading Change Toward Sustainability. Answer: Introduction The report analyses the requirement of a change in an organisation. In order to understand the importance of change, the report takes an example of a situation from a case study. The case study involves situations that occur in a company named B.R Timber Products Corporation. Discussions are done based on the required changes necessary in the organisational context in terms of people, process, strategy and structure. Based on the conditions provided in the case study, the report aims to identify the interventions necessary for maintaining the change at B.R Timber Products Corporation. The objective of the report is: To analyse the impact of change in several business parts of the organisation To identify interventions that can are available to B.R. Timber Products To suggest one specific intervention for the company To recommend actions necessary for implementing the strategies The scope of the report is to provide a clear understanding of the effects of change in an organisation. The case study provides an in-depth idea of the situation that exists in B.R Timber Products. The importance of change among the people, process and strategies help to understand the impact it has on it. Discussion As stated by Waddell et al., (2013), the organisational change management is one of the most important aspects that the managerial context. This is mainly because of the fact that organisations need to change due to the falling standard within the company or due to excess competition in the market. Either way, many people do not view the change in organisations as a way to mitigate the problems that take place. In the light of this statement, it can be said that the changes required for improving the standards of B.R Timber Products can be analysed. As per the case study, it has been seen that certain people and process undergo issue in the organisation. One of the major issues that were identified from the case study is the fact that the company did not have a proper safety facility. Lozano, Nummert Ceulemans, (2016) stated that the safety issue within a company is an important aspect. This is because without proper safety management employees may have to suffer at the workplace. F rom the case study, it is seen that the workplace had many metal spacers and clams by the section referred to as the glue section in the company. The space between the equipment thereby, making it difficult to move freely on the floor. This is an important safety issue, as employees have to move from one place to another by walking closer towards the machines (Veloso, Tzafrir Enosh, 2015). Another aspect that noted from the case study is the fact that the band saws that were used had no guarding. The safety helmets used by the employees were of low standard. Thus, these issues may have a severe impact on the people and the process that exist in the organisation. An example has been provided in the case study about the condition of Bob, who is believed to have suffered a mild concussion after having an accident. According to Doppelt, (2017), the safety issues are a serious violation of OHSA standard that every organisation needs to comply. Thus, this is an important change necessary for the success of the organisation. Another issue that was identified from the case study was the fact that responsibilities were given to one person. Evidence from the case study showed that the glue person was responsible for leading a bunch of employees, preparing the glue and ensure that the clamps are placed in the right direction. This becomes an added pressure for the individual and because of this less amount of personal time was left for the person. In addition to this, the pressure of the management was such that even during the time of the death of an employee, the work in the organisation did not cease. This created a sense of dissatisfaction among the employees, as the person concerned is evidenced to be a motivator to the team. Kempster, Higgs Wuerz, (2014) stated that motivation is required in order to retain employees in the organisation. Employees need to be given proper time to maintain a balance between work life and personal life. This is absent from the employees working in B.R. Timber Products. This is evidenced by the fact that despite having a softball team, the employees were unable to participate in the games as the games started at 6-7 in the evening. Due to the commitment to work, most employees failed to make it to the sport. These issues hamper the progress of work in the organisation. Pollack Pollack, (2015) stated that the continuous occurrence of these issues might lead to a huge loss of a company. It may even get a company to cease its existence. In this regard, it can be said that the strategies of the company. Thus, the strategies and structure of the company need to change in order to implement a successful business in the market. In this regard, it is necessary to identify certain interventions that may help in reducing the standards of B.R. Timber. These interventions calculate the level of uncertainty and the degree of agreeableness that occur while implementing changes in an organisation. Braatz et al., (2015) stated that seven types of interventions exist that help a manager to adapt or adopt changes in an organisation. These include: Direct: According to Watson, (2013), workers need to be directed by the managers or leaders in order to complete the tasks. This can help in the proper completion of tasks as an experienced person can help in guiding the employees better. However, there may be a sense of control that may direct the employees and hinder the creative ideas that may be presented by them. Change Work Processes: Changes in the organisational process need to be done in order to provide a sense of control. The existing process and policies of an organisation are changed in order to meet the requirements of the marker. However, the changes made may not be acceptable to all the members (Stark, 2015). Thus, this can cause convincing of the employees and make effort to help them understand the changes. Modify Structure: The change in structure signifies the diversity, mode of collection of information and mode of establishing connections in an organisation (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The modification of the structure is another change management technique that organisations need to implement. This can help in bringing about new techniques that may help an organisation to progress in the business market. Thus, the modifications are necessary in order to encourage people to work in the organisation efficiently. Convene and Intervene: According to Slack, (2015), it is necessary to take the opinion of representative in order to support organisational change and development. Process tools are necessary in order to maintain changes in the organisation. Apart from this, the effectiveness of the changes needs to be compared with and without setting goals for the organisation. The intervention of the representatives may help in managing the changes in an effective manner. Convene: This process also brings together representatives that help in maintaining the support within the organisation. The support of the representatives brings about an excess flow of ideas that can be used to control the change management process in an organisation. Examine, Describe Patterns: The leaders need to examine, describe and pattern changes that are not in the ability of the individuals. This can help to bring about fresh ideas for the individuals that can be used to implement in the organisation (Allen Dovey, 2016). Thus, this is another important aspect of the intervention-taking place in a company. Seek Patterns: This involves scanning the systems for new organisations and patterns that appear. According to Buller McEvoy, (2016), new organisations may bring about new ideas in order to intervene in the management system. Thus, these interventions are available to B.R. Timber in order to implement them and make necessary changes in the organisation. However, as stated by Cascio, (2015), application of only one such method can help in bringing about efficiency in the organisation. Based on the scenario described in the case study, the strategy that needs to be implemented is the change work process. The reason behind choosing this strategy is the fact that the company needs to change the policies that prove to be challenging for the employees. For example, changes in the safety department need to be made in order to ensure that the employees have a secure and healthy work life. The company need to formulate this change in order to maintain its reputation among the employees as well as in the business market. According to Wooltorton et al., (2015), the compliance with the rules in the OHSA is required in order to maintain the safety and longevity of the organisation. Apart from this change in work policies is required in order to provide a proper personal life of the workers. This is evidenced by the fact that the employees have to work long hours and do not have enough time to indulge in sports activities. Rusly, Sun Corner, (2015) stated that the balancing personal and professional life is important for every individual. This is because of the fact that a proper rest can help the employees increase efficiency. Thus, the need for implementing this strategy is required in the organisation. The change in the process may bring about satisfaction among the employees and help in improving the current managerial level and standard of work in B.R. Timber. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that in order to implement changes in an organisation it is necessary to identify the areas that pose issues for an organisation. This is important in order to understand the ways by which every organisation can implement changes. In the case of B.R. Timber, the organisation has certain issues that may pose a threat to the existence of the company. Issues exist in employee management, motivation, strategies and structures that may have a negative impact on the organisation. B.R. Timber needs to mitigate the issues by implementing changes necessary for the proper management of the organisation. The use of interventions can help in mitigating this technique. Various intervention techniques exist that may help the organisation to establish itself in the market. The application of a change in a workplace can help B.R. Timber to undertake certain challenges that may help in establishing a competitive advantage. However, in order to implement these changes, it is necessary to establish proper coordination with the employees. The changes can help the employees establish a proper communication technique and develop a sense of gratitude towards the organisation. However, certain recommendations are required to be implemented in order to make the strategies effective. Recommendation In order to make implement the change of work process in an effective manner, the managers of B.R. Timber need to conduct a meeting with the representatives of the organisation. This can help to discuss the required changes in the organisation and the ways to implement it. The reason behind conducting this meeting is to make the employees aware of the changes that will take place so that resistance to change does not become a factor for the organisation. In order to improve the safety concerns of the employees, it is necessary to move the dangerous items in safe place. In order to do this, the organisation needs to find extra space that may be adequate for the company. Thus, the relocation of the equipment can help in providing space for movement from one place to another in the floor. The company also need to purchase strong protective gears that can help the employees. In order to do this, proper market research is required in order to identify the best suppliers that provide such equipment. The application of these tactics can help in B.R. Timber to implement necessary changes that are required in the organisation. Reference Allen, G., Dovey, K. A. (2016). Action research as a leadership strategy for innovation: The case of a global high-technology organisation.International Journal of Action Research. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Braatz, F., Staude, D., Klotz, M. C., Wolf, S. I., Dreher, T., Lakemeier, S. (2015). Interventions and Management.Int Orthop. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2016). A model for implementing a sustainability strategy through HRM practices.Business and Society Review,121(4), 465-495. Cascio, W. F. (2015). Strategic HRM: Too important for an insular approach.Human Resource Management,54(3), 423-426. Doppelt, B. (2017).Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Kempster, S., Higgs, M., Wuerz, T. (2014). Pilots for change: exploring organisational change through distributed leadership.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(2), 152-167. Lozano, R., Nummert, B., Ceulemans, K. (2016). Elucidating the relationship between Sustainability Reporting and Organisational Change Management for Sustainability.Journal of cleaner production,125, 168-188. Pollack, J., Pollack, R. (2015). Using Kotters eight stage process to manage an organisational change program: Presentation and practice.Systemic Practice and Action Research,28(1), 51-66. Rusly, F. H., Sun, P. Y. T., Corner, J. L. (2015). Change readiness: creating understanding and capability for the knowledge acquisition process.Journal of Knowledge Management,19(6), 1204-1223. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Veloso, A., Tzafrir, S., Enosh, G. (2015). How employees perceive HRM practices: Differences between public and private organizations.Human resource management challenges and changes, 19-36. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. (2013).Organisational change: Development and transformation. Cengage Learning. Watson, T. (2013).Management, organisation and employment strategy: new directions in theory and practice. Routledge. Wooltorton, S., Wilkinson, A., Horwitz, P., Bahn, S., Redmond, J., Dooley, J. (2015). Sustainability and action research in universities: Towards knowledge for organisational transformation.International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,16(4), 424-439.