Financial Ratio Analysis

Question: Talk about the proportions and different estimations with regards to the companys gainfulness, effectiveness, liquidity, outfitting (influence) and venture execution. Answer: Benefit Ratios Two of the most significant proportions of Billabongs benefit are return on resources and profit for value. Profit for Assets Profit for Assets (ROA) of Billabong will quantify how adequately the organization's advantages are being utilized for producing its net benefits. This valuable measure furnishes Billabongs correlation as for its serious exhibition. Recipe This proportion is determined by partitioning overall gain by normal complete resources. Profit for Equity Profit for Equity (ROE) of Billabong will gauge the net return per dollar which the normal investors put resources into the firm, (Baker Riddick, 2013). Equation This proportion is determined by isolating net gain by investor's value. It ought to be noticed that the benefit proportions are gotten from the Billabongs salary articulation. Consequently, these measures exhibit the companys intermittent execution, covering the period as announced in its pay articulation, (Taylor, 2013). Resource Utilization Ratios These proportions will give the administrations proportion of control as the proportions give direction to basic elements worried about the utilization of the Billabong's advantages, stock and assortment of records receivable in the companys everyday activities, (Greuning, Scott Terblanche, 2011). All out Asset Turnover (TAT) The TAT exhibits that Billabong has been utilizing its benefits beneficially throughout the year. Despite the fact that there is no generous change in the incentive somewhere in the range of 2014 and 2015 in the estimation of this proportion, such a circumstance additionally implies, that the administration had a viable power over resource turnover, (Greuning, Scott Terblanche, 2011). Recipe This proportion is determined by partitioning net deals by normal complete resources. Fixed Asset Turnover (FAT) Billabong has been utilizing its fixed resources, including its plant and hardware and has exhibited that these are all the more appropriately used for direct creation alongside the present resources, which incorporate money and records receivable, consequently numerous examiners would be supported for suggesting the organization due to the companys this proportion of viability, (Keown et al, 2012). Recipe This proportion is determined by separating net deals by normal all out fixed resources. Stock Turnover Cost of merchandise sold (COGS) is gotten from the companys pay articulation and it demonstrates those costs which are credited to creation of the products and which are sold during the predetermined period and stock is an appeared as a present resource on the accounting report. The reason for this measure is to perceive how regularly Billabong is using its stock to assist its deals during the predefined period, (Keown et al, 2012). Equation This proportion is determined by partitioning the expense of products sold for a particular period by the normal stock for a similar period. Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) This is one basic proportion, likewise named as Accounts Receivable Turnover proportion, which the administration of Billabong must screen all the time. This proportion additionally mirrors the normal assortment time of the organization for its obligations. A littler DSO implies that the administration of Billabong has a tight command over its business sectors and is productive in dealing with the assets of the investors, (Yona, 2011). Equation Records receivable turnover is determined by partitioning the net credit deals for a particular period by the normal records receivable for that period. Influence Ratios Influence proportions give proportion of Billabong's utilization of obligation financing. This is the motivation behind why examiners utilize these broadly to show up at choices for suggesting new credit or expansion of a current credit course of action. Since the utilization of obligation financing can build the hazard factor of the organization, administrations and loan bosses should screen the extra hazard continually regarding acquiring of cash by the organization and furthermore observe the expanded open doors which the new capital will give, (Yona, 2011). All out Debt Ratio The above conversation is significant as any organization has just two different ways of financing the securing of an advantage either through obtained reserves or by using reserves created from inside tasks or by selling stock in the market. Billabongs obligation proportion of 65% implies that, for each dollar of advantages which Billabong has, 65 pennies are financed with obligation money, (Mudra, 2014). Equation This proportion is determined by isolating complete liabilities by all out resources. Long haul Debt Ratio On a similar premise as over, a few leasers may likewise concentrate on Billabong's utilization of long haul obligations. This can be resolved as it fuses a little variety in the all out obligation proportion, by fusing long haul liabilities in the numerator. Obligation to-Equity Ratio The obligation to-value proportion of 185% for Billabong implies that for every dollar of itsequity, the organization has 1.85 dollars of obligation financing. The obligation to value proportion is an asset report proportion as all the components are appeared in a critical position sheet, (Mudra, 2014). Equation This proportion is determined by partitioning complete liabilities by absolute value. Two other influence proportions of Billabong are huge for the organization's leasers and these are the occasions premium earned and the fixed-charge inclusion proportions. These two proportions help the investigators in estimating the organization's capacity to meet its on-going duties in overhauling the obligations which it had obtained already, (Taylor, 2013). Times Interest Earned The occasions premium earned (TIE) proportion on account of Billabong has demonstrated a decay from 5.62 in 2014 to 4.10 in 2015. In any case, it is as yet a sound marker that the companys working benefits during the ongoing time frame additionally surpassed the complete intrigue costs by 410 percent. From the examiners perspective, the higher this proportion goes, the more will be Billabong viewed as solid monetarily, (Taylor, 2013). Recipe This proportion is determined by partitioning salary before intrigue and annual charges by the intrigue cost. Fixed Charge Coverage On a similar premise as the time premium earned proportion, this fixed charge inclusion proportion, which is likewise named as the obligation administration inclusion proportion, considers all the customary occasional commitments of the organization for a given period. Recipe This proportion begins with the occasions earned premium proportion and includes pertinent fixed expenses. Liquidity Ratios The liquidity proportions are those measures which demonstrate the organization's capacity in reimbursing its transient obligation commitments. Current liabilities speak to just those commitments which are required to be settled in one year or less, (Greuning, Scott Terblanche, 2011). Current Ratio This proportion thinks about the present resources held by Billabong in contrast with its present liabilities. Equation This proportion is determined by isolating current resources by current liabilities. Brisk proportion Investigators accept that the financial meaning of liquidity for an organization is its capacity to transform a benefit into money at or close to the honest assessment of the advantage. Since stock can't be effectively sold, it isn't viewed as ready to meet any transient commitments. By barring inventories, this proportion gives an increasingly rigid liquidity proportion of the organization when contrasted with the present proportion, (Greuning, Scott Terblanche, 2011). Equation This proportion is determined by including money, money counterparts, transient speculations, and current receivables together at that point separating them by current liabilities. Market Value Ratios Speculators and administrations are keen available proportions, which can be utilized in esteeming Billabong's regular stock. Value/Earnings Ratio This proportion, which is generally known as the PE Ratio, has been the most broadly cited measurable proportion which concerns an organization's basic stock, (Yona, 2011). Equation This proportion is determined by isolating the market esteem cost per share by theearnings per share. Market-to-book Ratio This proportion is another related measure, frequently utilized alongside the PE Ratio, for stock valuation purposes by investigators. The greater part of the financial specialists might want to think about Billabongs current cost of the regular stock with the companys book estimation of stock. Such a measure is named as the value/book proportion. On the off chance that the proportion is more noteworthy than one and this is the thing that happens to be the situation for greater part of stocks, at that point the experts accept that the companys stock is exchanging at a higher cost than normal when contrasted with its book esteem, (Baker Riddick, 2013). Rundown Of References Bread cook, H.K. also, Riddick, L.A. (2013) International Finance: A Survey. Oxford: OUP USA. Greuning, H., Scott, D. furthermore, Terblanche, S. (2011) International Financial Reporting Standards: A Practical Guide. Washington DC: World Bank Publications. Keown, A.J., Martin, J.D., Petty, J.W. furthermore, Scott, D.F. (2012) Financial Management: Principles and Applications (tenth ed). New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Mudra, J. (2014) International Financial Management (twelfth ed). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Taylor, M.P. (2013) Purchasing Power Parity and Real Exchange Rates. Oxon: Routledge Yona, L. (2011) International Finance for Developing Countries. Keynes: AuthorHouse.

Release the geek! - Emphasis

Discharge the nerd! Discharge the nerd! The following are the right and off base renditions of the absolute most normally incorrectly spelled words. Would you be able to expose the criminal slip-ups? They’ll pull off it notwithstanding you intruding children. Go on, let your internal nerd out to play. Offer this connection and challenge your associates to a spell-off. You realize you need to 1. neccessarynecessaryneccesary 2. separateseperateseprate 3. receivedrecievedreceeved 4. occuredoccurredocurred 5. definitelydefinately6.grammergrammar7.predjudiceprejudiceprejujice 8. minusculeminiscule 9. occasionoccassionocassion 10. proffesionalprofessional 11. accomodateaccommodateaccommadate 12. religeousreligiousreligous 13. harrassharass 14. questionnairequestionairrequestionnairre15. occurrenceoccurranceoccurence 16. mischiefousmischievousmischievious 17. embarrassembarassembarras 18. connoisseurconnoiseurconnoissouir 19. cemetarycemeterycemetry20.changeablechangablechangeible When you have your score, why not leave us a message in the remarks segment underneath to tell us how you jumped on? Also, on the off chance that you have any spelling tips youd like to share, for example, memory aides, marry love to hear them.

Malt Liquor Consumers Drink More and More Often

Malt Liquor Consumers Drink More and More Often Addiction Alcohol Use Print Why Malt Liquor Consumers Drink More Often By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 06, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 blue jean images / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Malt liquor is not your average beer. Typically malt liquor beverages have a higher percentage of alcohol content, are sold in larger containers, and are sold at a lower price per volume than the average beer. Compared to a standard drink, the typical malt liquor beverage is off the scale. The average malt liquor beer can average 80% more alcohol content than the usual 12-ounce beer. Because malt liquor represents a quick, cheap alcohol buzz, the beverages have been traditionally targeted at lower-income, minority communities. In fact, one study found that malt liquor drinkers are more likely to be homeless, unemployed, on public assistance, compared to regular beer drinkers. The study also found they also tend to drink more alcohol, and drink more often than other types of drinkers. Consume More Alcohol Per Drink Measuring malt liquor beer consumption is difficult because malt liquor beers differ from other beer beverages in two important aspects: container size and alcohol content by volume, said Ricky Bluthenthal, assistant professor at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science and corresponding author for the study. We found that the combination of these differences resulted in the average malt liquor drinker in our study consuming 80% more alcohol per drink than the average regular beer drinker. Although we did not report consequences in this paper, typically the more alcohol consumed the greater the probability of negative alcohol-related consequences for an individual and their community. Increased Risk of Problems Malt liquor beers can be sold in containers as large as 40-ounce bottles, or forties as they are referred to, said Rhonda Jones-Webb, associate professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota. Forties are commonly sold chilled and wrapped in brown paper bags for immediate consumption, and independent web sites devoted to malt liquor as well as rap lyrics and movie scripts encourage chugging the bottles before they get warm. The combined effects of higher alcohol content, larger serving size, and faster consumption can result in higher blood alcohol levels, an increased risk of aggressive behavior, and other alcohol-related problems. A Sign of Masculinity? Jones-Webb said that malt liquor beers are largely targeted to African American and Hispanic youth, and young adults. Malt liquor brands such as Steel Reserve, Hurricane, Magnum, and Panther are used by the alcohol industry to connote power and machismo and lure youth and young adults into the market. Rap artists have been popular images in malt liquor advertising and gangsta rap performers portray malt liquor as a sign of masculinity. The targeting of minority youth for malt liquor sales is of particular concern because alcohol advertising has been shown to influence the brand choice, and brand choices during youth can influence beverage choices as adults. South Los Angeles Study To find out more about malt liquor drinkers, the researchers went to the streets conducting face-to-face interviews with 329 drinkers recruited from randomly selected alcohol outlets in South Los Angeles. The investigators gathered information on the drinkers socio-demographic characteristics, alcohol-use history, drinking patterns, and drinking context. Based on previous research, said Bluthenthal, we know that malt liquor beers, because of price per volume and availability, are likely to be more attractive to lower-income drinkers. In addition, advertising and popular culture references to malt liquor beers are more prevalent in media that are likely to be seen or used by African Americans. In short, south Los Angeles seemed to fit the profile we needed. Malt Liquor Drinking Patterns The sub-sample that reported drinking in the previous 90 days (n297) was 88 percent African American, 72 percent male, and 35 percent unemployed. Compared to regular beer and hard-liquor consumers, malt liquor beer drinkers were: More likely to be homelessMore likely to receive public assistance for housingLess likely to be employedReported significantly higher rates of daily or near-daily drinkingReported more drinks per day on drinking daysReported higher daily average alcohol consumptionMore likely to smoke while drinkingMore likely drink with same-sex friendsMore likely to drink outdoors Drinking More Hazardous Amounts The drinking levels we observed among malt liquor beer consumers were on average higher than the amount of alcohol consumed by individuals who are entering alcohol treatment programs, said Bluthenthal. The study also confirms that malt liquor beers are consumed in potentially more hazardous amounts and settings than regular beers and that grouping malt liquor beer drinkers with regular beer drinkers are likely to result in underestimates of alcohol consumed among malt liquor beer drinkers as well as the consequences of this consumption.

Education and Schools in Texas

Every state adheres to a different set of rules and regulations regarding education.  State governments seem to take varying approaches on almost every education and school-related piece of legislation.  Hot issues such as standardized testing, charter schools, teacher certification, and school vouchers are handled differently in each state.  This profile focuses on education and schools in Texas. District/School Information Texas Commissioner of Education: Mike Morath Length of School Year: A minimum of 75,600 minutes is required by Texas state law.******* Number of Public School Districts: There are 1,200 public school districts in Texas.******* Number of Public Schools: There are 8,759 public schools in Texas.******* Number of Students Served in Public Schools: There are 5,385,012 public school students in Texas.******* Number of Teachers in Public Schools: There were 362,193 public school teachers in Texas in 2017-2018.******* Number of Charter Schools: There are 177 charter schools in Texas.******* Per Pupil Spending: Texas spends $9,352 per pupil in public education. **** Average Class Size: The average class size in Texas is 15.1 students per 1 teacher.******* Percentage of Title I Schools: 79.7% of schools in Texas are Title I Schools.**** Percentage With Individualized Education Programs (IEP): 8.9% of students in Texas are on IEPs.**** Percentage in Limited-English Proficiency Programs: 17.2% of students in Texas are in limited-English Proficient Programs.**** Percentage of Student Eligible for Free/Reduced Lunches: 58.9% of students in Texas schools are eligible for free/reduced lunches.**** Ethnic/Racial Student Breakdown:**** White: 28.1% Black: 12.6% Hispanic: 52.4% Asian: 4.2% Pacific Islander: 0.1% American Indian/Alaskan Native: 0.4% Two or more races: 2.2% School Assessment Data Graduation Rate: 89.7% of all students entering high school in Texas graduate.******* Average ACT/SAT scores: Average ACT Composite Score: 20.7*** Average Combined SAT Score: 1032***** 2017 Grade 8 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) assessment scores:**** Math: 282 is the scaled score for 8th-grade students in Texas. The U.S. average was 282. Reading: 260 is the scaled score for 8th-grade students in Texas. The U.S. average was 265. Percentage of Students Who Enrolled in College After High School: 58.7% of students in Texas went on to attend some level of college in 2014.* Six-Year College Graduation Rate: 60.9% of public university students in Texas graduates within six years.***** Private Schools Number of Private Schools: There are 1,330 private schools in Texas.** Number of Students Served in Private Schools: There are 194,576 private school students in Texas.** Homeschooling Number of Students Served Through Homeschooling: There were 142,993 students that were home-schooled in Texas in 2017.# Teacher Pay The average teacher pay for the state of Texas was $54,122 in 2018.******* The state of Texas has a teacher’s minimum salary schedule. However, some districts may negotiate salaries with their teachers.    *Data courtesy of NCHEMS Information Center for Higher Education Policymaking and Analysis **Data courtesy of Texas Private School Accreditation Commission ***Data courtesy of ACT ****Data courtesy of the National Center for Education Statistics *****Data courtesy of College Board ******Data courtesy of Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board *******Data courtesy of Texas Education Agency #Data courtesy of A2ZHomeschooling.com ##Disclaimer:  The information provided on this page changes frequently.  It will be updated regularly as new information and data becomes available.

Essay on Bottlenose Dolphins - 2377 Words

Bottlenose Dolphins This essay is NOT formatted Bottlenose dolphins are among the most vocal of the nonhuman animals and exhibit remarkable development of the sound production and auditory mechanisms. This can be seen in audition, which is shown in the animal’s highly refined echolocation ability, and in tightly organized schools in which they live that are made up by sound communication. In testing the communication skills of dolphins, extensive studies have been done on vocal mimicry, in which the animal imitates computer-generated sounds in order to test motor control in terms of cognitive ability. Language comprehension on the other hand has been tested through labeling of objects, which has proven to be†¦show more content†¦1986). In order to understand the complexity of these highly mechanized acoustic systems, it is necessary to learn the process for which the dolphin hears. In most water-adapted cetaceans, tissue conduction is the primary route of sound conduction to the middle ear. The isolation of the bul lae shows an adaptation for tissue conducted sound. The lower jaw contains fat that is closely associated with the impedance of seawater. The lower jawbone of most odontocetes becomes broadened and quite thin posteriorly, and the fat forms an oval shape that closely corresponds to the area of minimum thickness of the jaw. This fat body leads directly to the bulla, producing a sound path to the ear structures located deep within the head. Paired and single air sacs are scattered throughout the skull, which serve to channel these tissue-conducted sounds (Popov Supin, 1991). Other than this description, there are still more studies needed to determine the function of the middle ear and the type of bone conduction that occurs within the bulla. Due to detailed audiograms, dolphins have been shown to have the ability to detect high-frequency sounds. In an experiment by Johnson (1966) as cited in Schusterman et al. (1986), sine-wave sounds ranging in frequency from 75 Hz to 150 Hz were presented to a bottle-nosed dolphin. The animal was trained to swim in a stationary area within a stall and toShow MoreRelatedThe Bottlenose Dolphin Essay1873 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Tursiops Truncatus dolphin got its name? It got its name because its nose, which is short and stubby. The Tursiops Truncatus coloring is different from other dolphins. Their physical appearance is intriguing and distinctive. They have fascinating family life and eating habits. You can even see bottlenose dolphins in many places in the U.S.A. Their main home is the Pacific Ocean, but they also live in many other places. The coloring of the bottlenose dolphin is unique. It is lightRead MoreA Research Study On Bottlenose Dolphins1188 Words   |  5 PagesBottlenose dolphins are among the most familiar cetaceans, just as whales. 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You’re in the ocean attempting to swim, but only this time, instead of moving your arms over your head and yourRead MoreA Case Of Nuturant Care : Adoption Of A Presumed Delphinus Calf By Bottlenose Dolphin3289 Words   |  14 PagesSHORT COMMUNICATION A novel case of nuturant care: Adoption of a presumed Delphinus calf by bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Far North waters, New Zealand. CH Petersa* and KA Stockina aCoastal-Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand Worldwide inter-specific behavioural interactions in the order Cetacea are diverse and often complex. Epimelatic care can be described as nurturant or Succorant in nature. Adoption canRead MoreCommon Bottlenose Dolphin843 Words   |  3 PagesThe Common Bottlenose dolphin is one of many dolphins in our world today. According to marinemammalsceince.org the scientific name for the common bottlenose dolphin is â€Å"Tursiops truncates†. Like many other mammals, this dolphin has been classified. According to San Francisco State University Department of Geography â€Å"the kingdom Tursiops truncatus belongs to is Animalia, the phylum to which they are grouped in is Chordata, and their class is Mammalia. The order in which they belong to is cetaceanRead MoreThe Common Bottlenose Dolphin1257 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Common Bottlenose Dolphin Organism common name and phylum, class, order, family, genus The common name for Tursiops truncatus is the common bottlenose dolphin, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, order Cetacea, family Delphinidae, of the genus Tursiops, External characteristics As shown in Figure 1 below, the bottlenose dolphin has a streamlined body that provides maximum speed underwater. Figure 1. External Characteristics of the Bottlenose Dolphin Source: http://www.enchantedlearningRead MoreClimate Change and the Bottlenose Dolphins1289 Words   |  5 Pagestemperatures. Climate change has been estimated to effect 88% of cetaceans and endangering nearly 21%. More specifically, each of these changes have harmful, potentially deadly and lasting effects on Bottlenose Dolphins. Ultimately causing dangerous and toxic conditions leading to an increase of dolphin strandings and death. During the 1990s scientist were able to collect 5,000 different salinity profiles. From their findings they were able to estimate a 20 percent increase in freshwaterRead MoreUsing The Group Membership Method Resemble Those Found By Lusseau Et Al1662 Words   |  7 Pagesfission-fusion society, where group composition is dynamic over time (Grellier et al. 2003). The three sub-groups may be an apparently permanent feature of the population when using the group membership method, with the fission-fusion nature of bottlenose dolphins defining the composition of each group through time. It must be noted however that Lusseau et al.’s (2003) study was over a period of seven years, where 546 days were spent on the water. Due to the immense differences in field effort, directRead MoreDiverse Mating Strategies Among Different Species1507 Words   |  7 PagesDiverse Mating Strategies Among Different Dolphin Species There are a variety of different mating strategies among different male dolphins species. â€Å"Male mating strategies and forms of competitive interaction among male cetaceans lead to the development of sexually dimorphic features such as prominent postanal humps, reproductive adaptation such as large testis size, and retained bodily scarring caused by interactions with conspecifics.† (Murphy, 2005) Cetacean have been noted to either have aRead MoreThe Research On Marine Mammal Captivity1332 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: In recent years, animals in captive environments such as zoos and theme parks have grown more controversial. The literature I have reviewed focuses on a particular group of animals in captivity, cetaceans. Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. The literature includes a range of themes, from their unique level of intelligence to why they may mentally and physically suffer in captive environments. However, it all connects to how and why these animals live and behave differently

Ways to better your presentation Free Essays

Technology has changed people’s life in many different ways but not always for the best or even to improve their life but to do badly in the world. Like they say that a person can change behind closed doors so can peoples ethics. As for example the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act in 1997, how many of us sometimes are will wait for a CD or movie to come out and when we think about going to buy it or even see it the movie n theater, especially if we have a normal size family of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to better your presentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now There easy could be a hundred dollars for a trip to the movie but when there might be a place where you know they sell black market or even a website online. That where the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act in 1997 comes in place for people make or even reproduce or share copies of copyrighted work. Before this law people would sell and copied software programs, movies, games and even songs for profit gain. It carries a maximum anally of three years and a huge fine of 250,000. But if it shows that person was doing it for nonprofit gain they could face no chargers or minimum penalties but still if we sit down and realize where the ethics are. The other law that caught my eye during the homework assignment was Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCP), 1991 since right after working in a call center for two years after my high school day with all honestly I didn’t seem to know what was important that our personal honestly ND ethics is more important than the companies and if that company doesn’t have the honest ethics maybe isn’t the right place for someone. I know that sometimes be get call by telemarketer all day and sometimes we tell them we want to be on the Do Not Call Registry. Because of the problem with telemarketing that they call to early or two late they have rules and it’s where the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCP), 1991 comes in two place where if you telemarketer you want on the Do Not Call List and from there on it take 31 days from the date you asked to be on the list for it in order to be removed and it have a 5 year register . How to cite Ways to better your presentation, Papers

To what extent is the reluctant fundamentalist about nostalgia free essay sample

Changez often shows signs of nostalgia when remembering his journey. The audience can see that toward the end Changez is spiralling into the dangers of Nostalgia. When Changez thinks about his countries past he feels jealous, not at America, but at the fact that the world notices America’s greatness and looks up to the country but doesn’t ponder on Lahore’s pronounced history. Changez often remembers New York with fondness but he has a profound hatred toward America. When reminiscing about his time in New York, Changez remembers the â€Å"cosmopolitan nature† of the city displayed before 9/11, and what America turned it into after 9/11. Body Paragraph 2: Erica Erica cannot let go of the memory of her deceased childhood sweetheart While she physically moves in reality, mentally she is stuck in the memories of her past. Body Paragraph 3: America After September 11 America clings to its past. â€Å"Nostalgia was their crack cocaine† TO WHAT EXTENT IS THE RELUCTANT FUNDAMENTALIST ABOUT NOSTALGIA? Nostalgia is defined as a â€Å"sentimental longing or wistful thinking for a period in the past†. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is the reluctant fundamentalist about nostalgia? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In theory nostalgia is a wonderful experience of reminiscing on memories in the past, but every so often nostalgia can have destructive effects on one’s mentality. In â€Å"The Reluctant Fundamentalist† Mohsid Hamid incorporates the theme of nostalgia throughout the monologue. Through his characters, Hamid illustrations both the positive and negative effects nostalgia has on a person. He explains to us that if handled carefully, nostalgia could be a form of relief, but if one dwells only in the past they will lose themselves, and find it nearly impossible to distinguish their reality from their memory. The protagonist Changez opens up to the American ‘tourist’, and in doing so displays strong sense of nostalgia that often takes over him. In many occasions Changez looks back at his time in New York with a certain degree of affection, presenting to the audience the fact that there is and always will be a place â€Å"of great fondness in [his] heart† for his beloved New York. He often remembers the little things with a sense of longing such as the delicious popcorn shrimp, â€Å"a delicacy [they] entirely lack in Lahore†. These brief moments of desire allows Changez to momentarily evoke upon the enjoyments of America without bring reminded of the pain and suffering he endures during his time there. This demonstrates how nostalgia can illuminate some memories while at the same time darken others. It is also evident through Changez the deadly dangers that nostalgia can bring about. Even after moving to the opposite side of the world Changez â€Å"remained emotionally entwined with Erica† He began to live in his memory, unprepared to come to terms with the fact that Erica is never coming back. He clung to the hope that she is still alive and searches for her existence with no reward. Changez faces a constant battle with his memories succumbing to their powerful misconceptions of reality. He started to manifest a reality that was only fiction. In many ways it seems like nostalgia is a contagious disease which was once faced by Erica but has now taken a hold of Changez. Erica is the girl of Changez’s dreams. She is the ideal American socialite; graceful, elegant and with the magnetism of a celebrity {Britney spears quote-find} But despite her outer perfection, Erica is mentally unstable, â€Å"struggling with a current pulling her within herself†. After the sudden death of her one true love Erica was lost and confused, she didn’t know how to live a life without him, and unlike the many people who suffer the loss of a loved one, Erica never recovered. Instead of accepting his death Erica often romantics her time spent with Chris, illuminating the good times and darkening the bad. While she physically moved in the world of the living, mentally she was stuck with her diseased lover, unwilling to let go. In the end Erica sinks so deep into her imagination and is consumed by nostalgia. Just like Erica, America finds it difficult to move on from the past and look forward to the future. After the destruction of the Twin Towers America clings to the past, and â€Å"was increasingly giving over to the dangerous nostalgia at the time† America was brought down by a third world country, who’s technological advances and knowledge were presumably much inferior to Americas, and this attack on America not only damaged its ego but also its image. America wouldn’t accept defeat by a country that is seemingly infinitely inferior to theirs and hence America reacted destructively. The nation suddenly changed its face, from multi-cultural to anti-Muslim, in an instant. Despite being allies with Muslim country, America attacked them, one wold presume as a form of revenge, as well as to assure to people of the world that America is a country that one cannot defy without consequence. America’s failure to move on from these attacks clouds their decisions, in these circumstances they are willing to see only the destruction caused by a small group of people from Muslim community and not the progressive outcomes of their existence in and outside their country. In conclusion in the novel â€Å"The Reluctant Fundamentalist† Mohsin Hamid incorporates the theme of nostalgia inconspicuously throughout the novel. Through his characters, He demonstrates the positive and negative effects nostalgia can have on a person. By comparing nostalgia to â€Å"crack cocaine† we can assume that nostalgia has the ability to numb the pain of reality but if triggered on a regular basis one gets addicted, and loses themselves in their memory, unable to distinguish an memory from reality.